This paper explores the ways utilities will need to upgrade the electric distribution grid to accommodate electrified loads, and what the upgrades cost. The study focuses on the PG & E service area in Northern California, which serves 4.8 million electricity customers and is subject to aggressive targets for both EV adoption and electrification of residential space and water heating. The study concludes that measures that enable the completion of a high number of upcoming upgrade projects—including addressing workforce and supply chain constraints, and pursuing non-wires
alternatives like energy storage and demand response—are critical to successful electrification.